Thành viên:Chỉ Có Ở Việt Nam/Vương Thực (thương nhân)
Vương gia Đại viện | |||
![]() Slate gray roof tiles of the courtyards | |||
Giản thể | 王家大院 | ||
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Vương Thực (giản thể: 王实; phồn thể: 王實) hay Vương Thạch (không rõ năm sinh năm mất, sống vào đời Nam Tống, thành viên của gia tộc Vương Tĩnh Thăng 靜升王氏) là người cho xây dựng Vương gia Đại viện (also variously called the Wang Family Compound, Wang Family Grand Courtyard, Wang Family Mansion, or Wang Family Manor), có quy mô lớn nhất trong số Shanxi Courtyard Houses. Tọa lạc ở huyện Linh Thạch, tỉnh Sơn Tây, Trung Quốc, the fortress compound is a tight arrangement of courtyard residences. Đây là một trong số 123 cơ ngơi listed as part of the "Ancient Residences in Shanxi and Shaanxi Provinces" entry in the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List in 2008 in the cultural category.[1]
Lịch sử
sửaThe compound was built by the county's dòng họ Vương Tĩnh Thăng, một trong bốn historically prominent families (tứ đại gia tộc) in the county.[2] The local Wang family traces to a migration from Taiyuan to Jinsheng in 1312 during the Yuan Dynasty. According to family lore the wealth of the family grew from selling bean curd.[2] The local Wangs would reach its apex of wealth and power in 18th century after accumulating riches from business and government position.[2] Over the course of several generations the compound was built on a grand scale during the period from the reign of the Kangxi Emperor (1661–1722) to the Jiaqing Emperor (1796–1820). By the 19th century the fortunes of the family declined and some members took to degeneracy, opium smoking, and public corruption.[3] The Wang family was ousted from the family compound during the Second Sino-Japanese War.[3]
Địa điểm
sửaThe scattered site made up of several dwelling areas is built on the slope of the Mianshan Mountain on a loessial terrace and faces a river.[2] The gardens are located on multiple levels at different elevations. The compound overlooks village homes of Jingsheng village, which is about 12 km (7,5 mi) away from the county seat of Lingshi. Jingsheng has a history of continuous settlement dating to the Neolithic age.[3]
Bố cục
sửaAs the building of the compound was a multi-generation endeavor, construction clusters arose one by one. The first two areas of opulent residences were in the Yongcui and Suorui lanes.[3] During the reign of the Qianlong Emperor, the Zhongling lane and Hongmen, Gongji, and Dongnan fortresses were also built.[3] The Chongning Fortress was built during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor.[3] The last residence area to be built was the Gaojiaya dwelling area from 1796 to 1811.[3] In all there are 231 courtyards and 2,078 rooms on the site situated across 8 hectares.[4] The courtyards are two stories and covered by slate gray roof tiles. The main area of the compound is symmetrical and divided by a moat over which crosses a stone bridge.[3] The four circles of walls are multi-tiered, protecting different layers of dwelling areas from outside threats.[3] Within the courtyards are rooms, kitchens, schools, and prayer pavilions. The ornate stone, brick and wood carvings have themes based on folk customs and folk arts.[3]
Xem thêm
sửa- Vương gia Đại viện (Sơn Tây, Trung Quốc)
- Qiao's Courtyard Houses, Qi County
Tham khảo
sửa- ^ “Ancient Residences in Shanxi and Shaanxi Provinces”. UNESCO.
- ^ a b c d Knapp, Ronald G. Chinese Houses: The Architectural Heritage of a Nation.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j “Wang Family Grand Courtyard”. China Radio International. 31 tháng 3 năm 2006. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 14 tháng 3 năm 2008.
- ^ “Grand Courtyard of the Wang Family”. China Daily. 29 tháng 10 năm 2012.